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Chapter 1: General Introduction to Philosophy – 50 Questions

1. Who defined philosophy as “a reflection on very general aspects of the world, especially those aspects that impinge or involve on the lives of human beings”?
A. Socrates
B. Wittgenstein
C. Stroud
D. Njoku
Answer: C

2. According to Ragland & Heidt, philosophy focuses on normative claims about what?
A. What we can measure
B. What we ought to think or do
C. What is physically real
D. What is beautiful
Answer: B

3. Socrates defined philosophy as:
A. Logical clarification of thought
B. Reflective self-examination of the principles of the just and happy life
C. Organized body of knowledge
D. Critical reflection on nature
Answer: B

4. Who said philosophy is “the logical clarification of thought”?
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Wittgenstein
D. Asike
Answer: C

5. According to Njoku (2014), philosophy is a:
A. Mere statement of facts
B. Critical examination of views and evaluative tool
C. Set of unprovable opinions
D. Collection of myths
Answer: B

6. Asike (2017) said philosophy can be understood in two ways. Which are they?
A. Theoretical and practical
B. First order and second order
C. Ancient and modern
D. Eastern and Western
Answer: B

7. As a first order activity, philosophy is:
A. Only for professionals
B. The preserve of all rational beings
C. A systematic activity
D. Based on experiments
Answer: B

8. As a second order activity, philosophy is:
A. Random thinking
B. The activity of professionals – systematic and organized
C. Only about ethics
D. Non-rational
Answer: B

9. Philosophy is described as the mother of all disciplines because:
A. It is the oldest
B. Other disciplines grew out of it
C. It is the most difficult
D. It has many branches
Answer: B

10. According to the text, philosophy as an academic discipline began when:
A. Writing was invented
B. Humans started using reason to understand reality
C. Religion was founded
D. Science was created
Answer: B

11. Where do Westerners believe philosophy began?
A. Egypt
B. Rome
C. Greece
D. Persia
Answer: C

12. Which of these were Milesian philosophers?
A. Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
B. Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes
C. Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Parmenides
D. Augustine, Aquinas, Anselm
Answer: B

13. Who argued that Greek philosophy originated from Africa (Egypt)?
A. Stroud
B. Njoku
C. Onyewuenyi
D. Asike
Answer: C

14. According to Onyewuenyi, early Greek philosophers like Socrates and Pythagoras:
A. Never traveled
B. Traveled to Egypt and were influenced by Egyptian thought
C. Rejected Egyptian ideas
D. Only studied in Athens
Answer: B

15. One reason philosophy is valuable is that it:
A. Makes people rich
B. Helps identify deception
C. Replaces religion
D. Guarantees happiness
Answer: B

16. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a benefit of philosophy?
A. It helps understand the history of thought
B. It makes people more creative
C. It guarantees a high salary
D. It helps make the world a better place
Answer: C

17. The Hippocratic Oath, Pythagoras theorem, and Quantum theory are examples of:
A. Religious doctrines
B. Great achievements from philosophers
C. Political systems
D. Artistic works
Answer: B

18. Which branch of philosophy studies the nature of being and existence?
A. Epistemology
B. Ethics
C. Metaphysics
D. Logic
Answer: C

19. Which branch of philosophy is the theory of knowledge?
A. Aesthetics
B. Epistemology
C. Axiology
D. Cosmology
Answer: B

20. Ethics is concerned with:
A. Correct reasoning
B. Beauty
C. Rightness or wrongness of actions
D. The nature of reality
Answer: C

21. Logic is the theory of:
A. Values
B. Correct reasoning
C. Being
D. Art
Answer: B

22. Axiology is the philosophical study of:
A. Knowledge
B. Reality
C. Value
D. Language
Answer: C

23. Aesthetics deals with:
A. Morality
B. Beauty and appreciation of art
C. Causality
D. Free will
Answer: B

24. Which definition says philosophy is “a critical activity or pursuit of endless enquiry”?
A. First group definition
B. Second group definition
C. Third group definition
D. Socratic definition
Answer: C

25. According to Agudosy (2009), philosophy is:
A. Only about nature
B. Rational and critical reflection on man, society and nature
C. A collection of dogmas
D. A purely emotional exercise
Answer: B

26. Philosophy as a rational activity involves:
A. Emotion and impulse
B. Reflection and use of reason systematically
C. Blind faith
D. Guesswork
Answer: B

27. Philosophy as a practical activity:
A. Avoids human experience
B. Probes human experience to offer solutions
C. Only studies abstract concepts
D. Rejects meaning
Answer: B

28. The debate about whether philosophy began in Greece or Africa is:
A. Settled in favor of Greece
B. Settled in favor of Africa
C. Not the main interest of the text
D. Proven false
Answer: C

29. According to the text, philosophy is as old as:
A. 5,000 years
B. Ancient Greece only
C. Man
D. Written language
Answer: C

30. Which group sees philosophy purely as a normative enquiry?
A. First group
B. Second group
C. Third group
D. All groups
Answer: B

31. The Milesian philosophers moved away from:
A. Reason
B. The poetry of Homer and Hesiod
C. Science
D. Logic
Answer: B

32. The question asked by early Greek philosophers was:
A. What is good?
B. What is this world made of?
C. What is beauty?
D. Who is God?
Answer: B

33. Philosophy became more systematic with:
A. Thales only
B. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
C. The Sophists
D. The Romans
Answer: B

34. The term “philosophy” can be defined from different backgrounds because:
A. It has no meaning
B. Each person defines it from their own background
C. Only one definition exists
D. It is a science
Answer: B

35. One benefit of philosophy is that it helps us:
A. Avoid thinking
B. Live a better life
C. Reject reason
D. Ignore history
Answer: B

36. Living a philosophical life involves:
A. Accumulating wealth
B. Seeking what is good in itself
C. Ignoring others
D. Only theoretical knowledge
Answer: B

37. Philosophy helps improve which skill?
A. Athletic skill
B. Critical thinking skill
C. Musical skill
D. Cooking skill
Answer: B

38. According to the text, many horrors in society result from:
A. Too much philosophy
B. Unreasonableness
C. Advanced technology
D. Strong laws
Answer: B

39. How many major branches of philosophy are listed?
A. Four
B. Five
C. Six
D. Seven
Answer: C

40. Which branch studies propositions and their uses in argumentation?
A. Metaphysics
B. Epistemology
C. Logic
D. Aesthetics
Answer: C

41. The word “epistemology” comes from Greek words meaning:
A. Being and reality
B. Knowledge and theory
C. Value and study
D. Beauty and form
Answer: B

42. The text states that without philosophy, other disciplines:
A. Would be stronger
B. Will not be
C. Would remain the same
D. Would become scientific
Answer: B

43. Thales believed the basic stuff of reality was:
A. Air
B. The Infinite
C. Water
D. Fire
Answer: C

44. Anaximenes held that the basic stuff of reality was:
A. Water
B. Air
C. Earth
D. Number
Answer: B

45. Anaximander called the basic stuff of reality:
A. Atom
B. The Infinite or Indeterminate
C. Logos
D. Form
Answer: B

46. Philosophy as a first order activity is:
A. Professional
B. Systematic
C. The unique way people make sense of experiences
D. Only for academics
Answer: C

47. Philosophy as second order activity is:
A. Unorganized
B. For all humans
C. Systematic and organized by professionals
D. Emotional
Answer: C

48. Which philosopher is NOT mentioned as defining philosophy?
A. Njoku
B. Asike
C. Descartes
D. Agudosy
Answer: C

49. The text says philosophy aims at establishing, enhancing, and sustaining:
A. Wealth and power
B. A just and happy life
C. Scientific progress only
D. Military strength
Answer: B

50. The overall conclusion about philosophy in Chapter 1 is that it is:
A. Only abstract
B. Both rational and practical
C. Only for experts
D. A set of beliefs
Answer: B

Chapter 2: Introduction to Metaphysics – 50 Questions

1. Who first used the term “metaphysics”?
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Andronicus of Rhodes
D. Thales
Answer: C

2. The Greek word “Meta” means:
A. Beyond only
B. After or following
C. Above
D. Physics
Answer: B

3. Metaphysics literally means:
A. Before physics
B. After physics
C. With physics
D. Without physics
Answer: B

4. Andronicus of Rhodes edited the works of which philosopher?
A. Socrates
B. Plato
C. Aristotle
D. Pythagoras
Answer: C

5. Aristotle called metaphysics:
A. Second Philosophy
B. First Philosophy
C. Last Philosophy
D. Natural Philosophy
Answer: B

6. Aristotle said metaphysics studies:
A. Physical objects only
B. Being qua Being
C. Only God
D. Only numbers
Answer: B

7. According to Burnam, seeing metaphysics as dealing only with the supernatural is:
A. Correct
B. An error of many centuries
C. The original meaning
D. A modern discovery
Answer: B

8. Which of the following is NOT a branch of metaphysics according to Wolff’s division?
A. Ontology
B. Cosmology
C. Epistemology
D. Natural theology
Answer: C

9. Ontology is the study of:
A. The universe
B. Being or existence
C. Values
D. Beauty
Answer: B

10. Cosmology is the study of:
A. The mind
B. The universe
C. Knowledge
D. Logic
Answer: B

11. The word “ontology” comes from “onto” meaning:
A. Universe
B. Existence or being
C. Knowledge
D. After
Answer: B

12. The word “cosmology” comes from “cosmos” meaning:
A. Order/universe
B. Being
C. After
D. Knowledge
Answer: A

13. According to the text, metaphysics deals with:
A. Only spiritual realities
B. Only physical realities
C. Both physical and non-physical realities
D. Only imaginary things
Answer: C

14. Who held that “existence precedes essence”?
A. Aquinas
B. Plato
C. Sartre
D. Parmenides
Answer: C

15. The traditional Western idea holds that:
A. Existence precedes essence
B. Essence precedes existence
C. Essence and existence are identical
D. Neither exists
Answer: B

16. Essence is derived from the Latin word “esse” meaning:
A. To exist
B. To be
C. To think
D. To act
Answer: B

17. According to Aquinas:
A. Essence actualizes existence
B. Existence actualizes essence
C. Both are illusions
D. Essence is more important than existence
Answer: B

18. The problem of unity and diversity asks:
A. Why there is only one thing
B. How to find unity in diversity
C. How to create diversity
D. Which is better, unity or diversity
Answer: B

19. Thales believed the basic stuff of reality was:
A. Air
B. Water
C. Fire
D. Earth
Answer: B

20. Anaximander believed the basic stuff was:
A. Water
B. Air
C. The Infinite/Indeterminate
D. Number
Answer: C

21. Anaximenes believed the basic stuff was:
A. Water
B. Air
C. Fire
D. Earth
Answer: B

22. Heraclitus said everything is in a state of:
A. Permanence
B. Flux
C. Rest
D. Void
Answer: B

23. Heraclitus’ famous saying is:
A. All is one
B. One cannot step twice into the same river
C. Being is eternal
D. Change is illusion
Answer: B

24. Parmenides believed that change is:
A. Real
B. The only truth
C. An illusion of the senses
D. Caused by God
Answer: C

25. Empedocles proposed how many basic elements?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Answer: C

26. Which of these was NOT one of Empedocles’ four elements?
A. Earth
B. Air
C. Water
D. Metal
Answer: D

27. Anaxagoras said that in everything there are:
A. Atoms
B. Particles of every other thing
C. Only one element
D. Void
Answer: B

28. Democritus explained change using:
A. The Forms
B. Atomist theory
C. The four causes
D. Monads
Answer: B

29. According to Democritus, atoms are:
A. Visible and divisible
B. Eternal and identical
C. Made of water
D. Spiritual
Answer: B

30. Aristotle’s material cause refers to:
A. The shape of a thing
B. The stuff a thing is made of
C. The purpose of a thing
D. The agent that makes a thing
Answer: B

31. The formal cause refers to:
A. The material
B. The essential nature or form
C. The purpose
D. The agent
Answer: B

32. The efficient cause refers to:
A. The purpose
B. The agent that brings something into being
C. The material
D. The form
Answer: B

33. The final cause refers to:
A. The purpose or end of a thing
B. The material
C. The form
D. The agent
Answer: A

34. David Hume used which example to explain causality?
A. A falling apple
B. Two billiard balls
C. A moving cart
D. A candle burning
Answer: B

35. Hume said the expectation of one thing following another lies in:
A. The things themselves
B. Our mind and habit
C. Logic
D. God
Answer: B

36. The problem of appearance and reality shows that:
A. Appearance is always true
B. Senses can deceive us
C. Reality is unimportant
D. There is no reality
Answer: B

37. Plato’s theory of Forms says true knowledge is of:
A. Particular things
B. The essences or Forms
C. Sense objects
D. Opinions
Answer: B

38. A mirage is an example of:
A. Reality
B. Appearance deceiving
C. Truth
D. Permanence
Answer: B

39. The problem of free will and determinism is a paradox because:
A. Both cannot be defined
B. Both theses seem true yet lead to inconsistent results
C. No one believes in either
D. It is unsolvable
Answer: B

40. Determinism is the idea that:
A. Humans are completely free
B. Everything is caused
C. Nothing is caused
D. Only God is free
Answer: B

41. If determinism is true, punishing criminals might be:
A. Always necessary
B. Unnecessary because they had no choice
C. More important
D. Based on free will
Answer: B

42. Who is associated with interactionism?
A. Malebranche
B. Leibniz
C. Descartes
D. Santayana
Answer: C

43. According to Descartes, mind-body interaction occurs at the:
A. Heart
B. Pineal gland
C. Brain stem
D. Lungs
Answer: B

44. Occasionalism says God causes mental events on the occasion of:
A. No events
B. Bodily events
C. Only thoughts
D. Dreams
Answer: B

45. Who propounded occasionalism?
A. Descartes
B. Leibniz
C. Malebranche
D. Santayana
Answer: C

46. Pre-established harmony was propounded by:
A. Malebranche
B. Leibniz
C. Descartes
D. Hume
Answer: B

47. Epiphenomenalism says the mind is a:
A. Primary substance
B. By-product of the brain
C. Separate entity
D. Form of God
Answer: B

48. George Santayana compared mind-body relation to:
A. A machine
B. A mountain stream producing sound
C. A clock
D. A river and its banks
Answer: B

49. Leibniz’s monads are:
A. Extended and divisible
B. Unextended and independent
C. Material atoms
D. Visible particles
Answer: B

50. The text concludes that metaphysics has affected:
A. Only philosophy
B. Only religion
C. All human endeavours
D. Only science
Answer: C

Chapter 3: Epistemology – 50 Questions

1. Epistemology is also called:
A. Ontology
B. Gnosiology
C. Axiology
D. Cosmology
Answer: B

2. The word “episteme” means:
A. Theory
B. Knowledge
C. Science
D. Belief
Answer: B

3. The word “logos” in epistemology means:
A. Word
B. Study of, theory of
C. Reason only
D. God
Answer: B

4. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with:
A. Reality
B. Human knowledge
C. Values
D. Beauty
Answer: B

5. According to Aja (2004), epistemology tells us:
A. How to be happy
B. What we can know and what we cannot know
C. The meaning of life
D. How to make money
Answer: B

6. The central theme of epistemology is:
A. Being
B. Knowledge
C. God
D. Art
Answer: B

7. Which question does epistemology NOT ask?
A. What is knowledge?
B. Is knowledge possible?
C. How much money should I earn?
D. Can our senses be trusted?
Answer: C

8. Plato described knowledge as:
A. True belief
B. Justified true belief
C. Opinion
D. Sensation
Answer: B

9. Practical knowledge is:
A. Knowing that
B. Knowing how
C. Knowing a person
D. Knowing a fact
Answer: B

10. “I know how to drive a car” is an example of:
A. Factual knowledge
B. Knowledge by acquaintance
C. Practical knowledge
D. Theoretical knowledge
Answer: C

11. Knowledge by acquaintance means:
A. Knowing a fact
B. Knowing a skill
C. Knowing by familiarity
D. Knowing by reasoning
Answer: C

12. “I know Mr. Kola” is an example of:
A. Practical knowledge
B. Factual knowledge
C. Knowledge by acquaintance
D. Propositional knowledge
Answer: C

13. Factual knowledge is also called:
A. Knowing how
B. Knowing that
C. Knowing who
D. Knowing where
Answer: B

14. “I know that every man must die” is an example of:
A. Practical knowledge
B. Acquaintance
C. Factual knowledge
D. Intuitive knowledge
Answer: C

15. John Cook Wilson believed that knowledge is:
A. Easily defined
B. Indefinable
C. Only scientific
D. Only religious
Answer: B

16. The greatest distinction between knowledge and belief is:
A. Truth
B. Certainty
C. Usefulness
D. Popularity
Answer: B

17. For Plato, the only thing a man may know is:
A. Opinion
B. Necessary truth
C. Probability
D. Appearance
Answer: B

18. Descartes emphasized which criterion for knowledge?
A. Usefulness
B. Certainty and indubitability
C. Popularity
D. Simplicity
Answer: B

19. According to Descartes, something known must be:
A. Probable
B. Incapable of being doubted
C. Sensed
D. Believed by many
Answer: B

20. Karl Popper described the view that knowledge grasps the essence of things as:
A. Empiricism
B. Essentialism
C. Skepticism
D. Pragmatism
Answer: B

21. Belief is generally based on:
A. Conclusive evidence
B. Assumption and probability
C. Certainty
D. Demonstration
Answer: B

22. Knowledge entails belief, but belief:
A. Always entails knowledge
B. Does not necessarily entail knowledge
C. Is the same as knowledge
D. Is more certain than knowledge
Answer: B

23. According to Omoregbe, knowledge must be based on:
A. Assumption
B. Conclusive evidence
C. Popular opinion
D. Faith
Answer: B

24. Anthony Eze said belief refers to:
A. Objective reality
B. Subjective mental acceptance that a claim is true
C. Certain knowledge
D. Scientific fact
Answer: B

25. Knowledge entails only truth, while belief could entail:
A. Only truth
B. Only falsity
C. Both truth and falsity
D. Neither
Answer: C

26. The truth condition for knowledge states:
A. If S knows P, then P must be probable
B. If S knows P, then P must be true
C. If S knows P, then P must be popular
D. If S knows P, then P must be believed
Answer: B

27. The acceptance condition for knowledge means:
A. S must accept P as false
B. S must accept P as true
C. S must reject P
D. S must doubt P
Answer: B

28. The justification condition for knowledge requires:
A. No evidence
B. Adequate evidence or reasons
C. Blind faith
D. Popular vote
Answer: B

29. Who maintained that the concept of knowledge is indefinable?
A. Plato
B. John Cook Wilson
C. Descartes
D. Hume
Answer: B

30. Bertrand Russell emphasized the connection between:
A. Knowledge and ignorance
B. Knowledge by skills and knowledge by acquaintance
C. Knowledge and belief only
D. Knowledge and opinion
Answer: B

31. Gilbert Ryle stressed the distinction between:
A. Knowing how and knowing that
B. Knowledge and truth
C. Belief and opinion
D. Reason and sense
Answer: A

32. Michael Polanyi argued for the relevance of:
A. Only factual knowledge
B. Knowledge how and knowledge that
C. Only practical knowledge
D. Only acquaintance
Answer: B

33. Objects of knowledge are said to be certain, while objects of belief are:
A. Certain as well
B. Probable
C. Impossible
D. Always false
Answer: B

34. Epistemology is sometimes called the science of:
A. Being
B. Knowledge
C. Values
D. Logic
Answer: B

35. The subject matter of epistemology is:
A. The universe
B. Knowledge and its features
C. Moral conduct
D. Beauty
Answer: B

36. According to Ome et al., epistemology surveys the:
A. Possibility of knowledge
B. Structure of atoms
C. History of Greece
D. Nature of God
Answer: A

37. Which philosopher is NOT mentioned in the epistemology chapter as a key figure?
A. Plato
B. Descartes
C. Karl Popper
D. Kant
Answer: D

38. The phrase “clear and evident” knowledge comes from:
A. Plato
B. Aristotle
C. Descartes
D. Hume
Answer: C

39. According to the text, believing and knowing are alike because both:
A. Are always true
B. Are cognitive activities expressed through assertion or denial
C. Require no evidence
D. Are based on senses only
Answer: B

40. One reason epistemology is difficult is because:
A. No one studies it
B. The concept of knowledge eludes exact definition
C. It is not useful
D. It is a new field
Answer: B

41. Factual knowledge is the type of knowledge that:
A. Cannot be expressed in propositions
B. Is most interesting to epistemology
C. Is only about skills
D. Is only about people
Answer: B

42. The text says a theory of knowledge explains what conditions must be satisfied for:
A. S to believe P
B. S to doubt P
C. S to know P
D. S to imagine P
Answer: C

43. Hamlyn said one condition of knowing is that what one claims to know must:
A. Be useful
B. Be the case (true)
C. Be popular
D. Be believed by experts
Answer: B

44. Keith Lehrer listed how many conditions of knowledge?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Answer: B

45. Which of the following is NOT one of Lehrer’s conditions?
A. Truth condition
B. Acceptance condition
C. Happiness condition
D. Justification condition
Answer: C

46. According to the text, belief refers to subjective opinion which could be:
A. Always true
B. True or false
C. Always false
D. Neither true nor false
Answer: B

47. Knowledge refers to objective reality and is:
A. Sometimes false
B. Always true
C. Probably true
D. Based on feeling
Answer: B

48. The text says a lot of what people believe to be true may turn out to be:
A. Certain
B. False
C. Indubitable
D. Self-evident
Answer: B

49. Which Greek word is NOT directly related to epistemology?
A. Episteme
B. Logos
C. Gnosiology (implied)
D. Ontos
Answer: D

50. The conclusion of Chapter 3 states that the authors intended freshmen to understand:
A. Only the history of epistemology
B. The meaning and nature of epistemology
C. How to reject epistemology
D. Only the etymology of epistemology
Answer: B

Chapter 4: Axiology – 50 Questions

1. Axiology is the philosophical study of:
A. Being
B. Knowledge
C. Value
D. Logic
Answer: C

2. The term “axios” means:
A. Study of
B. Worth or value
C. After
D. Knowledge
Answer: B

3. The two major branches of axiology are:
A. Metaphysics and epistemology
B. Ethics and aesthetics
C. Logic and cosmology
D. Ontology and logic
Answer: B

4. Ethics studies:
A. Beauty
B. Human conduct and moral values
C. The universe
D. Correct reasoning
Answer: B

5. Aesthetics is about:
A. Morality
B. Beauty and appreciation of art
C. Knowledge
D. Being
Answer: B

6. Terminal values are:
A. Means to an end
B. End values desired for themselves
C. Monetary values
D. Social values only
Answer: B

7. Instrumental values are:
A. End values
B. Ways of achieving terminal values
C. Always moral
D. Never useful
Answer: B

8. Functional value is determined by:
A. Monetary worth
B. Workability or utility
C. Social approval
D. Psychological satisfaction
Answer: B

9. Monetary value relates to:
A. Emotional satisfaction
B. Economic worth
C. Social influence
D. Artistic merit
Answer: B

10. Social value refers to:
A. Personal happiness
B. The quantification of importance people place on changes in their lives within society
C. Only financial gain
D. Psychological states
Answer: B

11. Psychological value is the kind of satisfaction one gets from:
A. Money
B. Feeling fulfilled and happy after a feat
C. Social approval
D. Functional utility
Answer: B

12. Intrinsic value is value that something has:
A. Because of something else
B. In itself, for its own sake
C. Only in the market
D. Only if useful
Answer: B

13. Extrinsic value is value that something has:
A. In itself
B. For its own sake
C. Because of something else or as a means
D. Independently of anything else
Answer: C

14. Which of the following is an example of intrinsic value?
A. Money
B. Happiness for its own sake
C. A hammer
D. A car
Answer: B

15. Individual values are those:
A. A society cherishes
B. An individual considers valuable irrespective of society
C. That are always monetary
D. That have no importance
Answer: B

16. Collective values are connected with:
A. Personal gain
B. Solidarity of the community, equality, justice
C. Only individual preferences
D. Monetary wealth
Answer: B

17. Objective values exist:
A. Only in the mind
B. Independent of the mind or a perceiver
C. Only if someone perceives them
D. As mere opinions
Answer: B

18. Subjective values are:
A. Independent of the mind
B. Matters of the mind and personal feeling
C. Always universal
D. Never changing
Answer: B

19. “Beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder” illustrates:
A. Objective value
B. Subjective value
C. Monetary value
D. Functional value
Answer: B

20. Essential values are:
A. Optional
B. Indispensable and foundational
C. Always monetary
D. Only psychological
Answer: B

21. Integral values:
A. Are not needed at all
B. Contribute to completeness
C. Are the same as essential values
D. Have no role
Answer: B

22. According to Agazzi, value is broadly divided into:
A. Intrinsic and extrinsic
B. Terminal and instrumental
C. Subjective and objective
D. Essential and integral
Answer: B

23. Functional value is also called:
A. Monetary value
B. Pure utilitarianism view
C. Social value
D. Psychological value
Answer: B

24. Something has monetary value if it is considered from the point of:
A. Emotional worth
B. Economic value
C. Social influence
D. Artistic merit
Answer: B

25. Social value is measured from the perspective of:
A. The market
B. Those affected by an organization’s work
C. Only the government
D. Individual whims
Answer: B

26. Psychological value can be felt when:
A. You buy a car
B. You pass an examination
C. You see a price tag
D. You ignore art
Answer: B

27. Which type of value is more durable and stable?
A. Extrinsic value
B. Intrinsic value
C. Monetary value
D. Functional value
Answer: B

28. The value of water as indispensable is an example of:
A. Integral value
B. Essential value
C. Extrinsic value
D. Subjective value
Answer: B

29. A work of art appreciated differently by different people shows:
A. Objective value
B. Subjective value
C. Monetary value only
D. That art has no value
Answer: B

30. Which of the following is an example of collective value?
A. Personal wealth
B. Human life protected by society
C. Private opinion
D. Individual hobby
Answer: B

31. Fidelity to one’s marriage partner is an example of:
A. Collective value
B. Individual value
C. Monetary value
D. Functional value
Answer: B

32. The text states that a value that is individual could also be:
A. Useless
B. Collective
C. Always monetary
D. Never important
Answer: B

33. The statement “values are matters of the mind and not of objects out there” describes:
A. Objective values
B. Subjective values
C. Essential values
D. Terminal values
Answer: B

34. Telling the truth is given as an example of:
A. Subjective value
B. Objective value
C. Only individual value
D. Only instrumental value
Answer: B

35. Who is quoted as saying “unlike subjective values that are relative, objective values exist independent of the mind”?
A. Ome and Amam
B. Obiwulu
C. Agazzi
D. Mondal
Answer: B

36. According to Mondal (2019), collective values include:
A. Personal ambition
B. Equality, justice, solidarity
C. Monetary success
D. Functional utility
Answer: B

37. Terminal values are also called:
A. Means values
B. End values
C. Tool values
D. Pathway values
Answer: B

38. Instrumental values help to:
A. Replace terminal values
B. Achieve terminal values
C. Destroy values
D. Ignore values
Answer: B

39. The text mentions that some values are both:
A. Monetary and functional
B. Subjective and objective
C. Essential and useless
D. Terminal and instrumental
Answer: B

40. Axiology became prominent at the dawn of which century?
A. 18th
B. 19th
C. 20th
D. 21st
Answer: C

41. The Chambers 20th Century Dictionary defines axiology as:
A. The study of being
B. The science of the ultimate nature, reality and significance of values
C. The theory of knowledge
D. The study of beauty only
Answer: B

42. Barry Smith and Alan Thomas (2000) state that axiology studies:
A. Only moral values
B. Value in general rather than moral values in particular
C. Only economic values
D. Only aesthetic values
Answer: B

43. According to the text, the value system of a society determines to a great extent:
A. Its military power
B. Its progress
C. Its population
D. Its geography
Answer: B

44. Aristotle emphasized that at the beginning of any discourse, terms should be:
A. Ignored
B. Defined
C. Assumed
D. Avoided
Answer: B

45. The Latin phrase “ab initio disputandi, definitio nominis” means:
A. At the end, define
B. At the beginning of a dispute, define the term
C. Never define terms
D. Only define if necessary
Answer: B

46. Social value is often NOT measured in:
A. Market prices alone
B. Community well-being
C. Psychological satisfaction
D. Collective norms
Answer: A

47. The example of living next to a community park illustrates:
A. Monetary value
B. Social value
C. Functional value
D. Essential value
Answer: B

48. Psychological value is a state of:
A. Mind
B. Body
C. Bank account
D. Social status
Answer: A

49. According to the text, not all values are:
A. Important
B. Monetarily quantifiable
C. Real
D. Desired
Answer: B

50. The overall aim of axiology includes helping students to:
A. Ignore values
B. Set their hierarchy of values correctly
C. Reject all values
D. Focus only on monetary values
Answer: B