CHAPTER 1: History, Nature & Evolution of Peace and Conflict Studies

1. Peace and Conflict Studies emerged as a multidisciplinary field in the early ___
   A) 1920s–1930s
   B) 1940s–1960s
   C) 1960s–1970s
   D) 1980s–1990s

2. The first formal peace studies course in higher education was offered at ___
   A) Harvard University
   B) Indiana University
   C) Swarthmore College
   D) Aberystwyth University

3. Who offered the first formal peace studies course?
   A) Johan Galtung
   B) William Penn Holcomb
   C) Gladdys Muir
   D) Quincy Wright

4. The first undergraduate academic program in peace studies was developed by ___
   A) Johan Galtung
   B) John Burton
   C) Gladdys Muir
   D) Adam Curle

5. The Peace of Westphalia was signed in ___
   A) 1619
   B) 1638
   C) 1648
   D) 1658

6. Which of the following was NOT one of the treaties signed at the Peace of Westphalia?
   A) Treaty of Münster
   B) Treaty of Osnabrück
   C) Treaty of Versailles
   D) Both A and B were signed

7. Johan Galtung founded which peace research institution?
   A) UN Peace Institute
   B) Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)
   C) Stockholm Peace Institute
   D) Geneva Peace Foundation

8. Which scholar introduced the concept of “structural violence”?
   A) John Burton
   B) Kenneth Boulding
   C) Johan Galtung
   D) Adam Curle

9. Lewis Fry Richardson is known for his ___
   A) Human Needs Theory
   B) Mathematical and statistical study of war
   C) Track Two Diplomacy
   D) Feminist peace research

10. Quincy Wright’s seminal work A Study of War was published in ___
    A) 1939
    B) 1940
    C) 1942
    D) 1945

11. The concept of the “third side” in conflict resolution was introduced by ___
    A) Kenneth Boulding
    B) Adam Curle
    C) John Burton
    D) Lewis Fry Richardson

12. Which school of thought argues that conflict is inevitable due to the anarchic nature of the international system?
    A) Liberal School
    B) Critical School
    C) Constructivist School
    D) Realist School

13. The Liberal School of thought in peace and conflict studies is associated with ___
    A) Morgenthau (1948)
    B) Doyle (1986)
    C) Galtung (1969)
    D) Wendt (1992)

14. The Constructivist School emphasizes the role of ___ in shaping conflicts
    A) Power and military force
    B) Economic inequality
    C) Ideas, identities, and discourses
    D) State sovereignty

15. Which of the following correctly represents the evolutionary stages of Peace and Conflict Studies in order?
    A) Realpolitik, Traditional, Early Modern, Late Modern
    B) Traditional, Realpolitik, Early Modern, Late Modern
    C) Early Modern, Traditional, Realpolitik, Late Modern
    D) Late Modern, Early Modern, Traditional, Realpolitik

16. The first chair in International Relations was founded at ___ in 1919
    A) Harvard University
    B) Oxford University
    C) Aberystwyth University Wales
    D) Cambridge University

17. John Burton is celebrated for developing ___
    A) Stable peace concept
    B) Human Needs Theory
    C) Structural violence
    D) Peace economics

18. Which founding father of PCS is known for pioneering feminist peace research?
    A) Adam Curle
    B) Elise Boulding
    C) Kenneth Boulding
    D) Lewis Fry Richardson

19. The Nigerian Civil War took place between ___
    A) 1965–1968
    B) 1966–1969
    C) 1967–1970
    D) 1968–1971

20. Which of the following factors facilitated the emergence of Peace and Conflict Studies as a discipline?
    A) Historical context of World Wars
    B) Humanitarian concerns and human rights movements
    C) Academic and intellectual developments
    D) All of the above

CHAPTER 2: Basic Concepts in Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution

1. The English word “peace” etymologically derives from the Latin word ___
   A) Conflictus
   B) Pax
   C) Arbitrum
   D) Concordia

2. The concept of Negative and Positive Peace was introduced by ___
   A) John Burton
   B) Adam Curle
   C) Johan Galtung
   D) Kenneth Boulding

3. Negative peace in its simplest form refers to ___
   A) Presence of social justice and equality
   B) Absence of direct organized violence
   C) Absence of structural violence
   D) Presence of economic equity

4. Positive peace goes beyond stopping violence to include ___
   A) Ceasefire agreements only
   B) Military interventions
   C) Social justice, economic equity, political inclusion and environmental sustainability
   D) Peace treaties between governments

5. Which of the following is NOT an element of positive peace?
   A) Social justice
   B) Economic equity
   C) Ceasefire agreement
   D) Environmental sustainability

6. The term conflict derives from the Latin word ___
   A) Pax
   B) Configere
   C) Arbitrum
   D) Mediatum

7. Conflict prevention is also known as ___
   A) Peacekeeping
   B) Preventive diplomacy
   C) Peace enforcement
   D) Conflict transformation

8. According to Miller (2005), conflict management is ___
   A) A one-shot treatment for conflict
   B) An interventionist effort towards reducing negative consequences of ongoing violent conflict
   C) The complete elimination of conflict
   D) A judicial process of settling disputes

9. Conflict resolution connotes a sense of ___ where parties are mutually satisfied with the outcome
   A) Temporariness
   B) Finality
   C) Management
   D) Escalation

10. Which of the following best describes conflict transformation?
    A) Stopping conflict immediately through force
    B) Changing the general context of conflict and transforming relationships
    C) Managing conflict through ceasefire
    D) Resolving conflict through arbitration

11. Mediation is best described as ___
    A) A binding third-party decision-making process
    B) A voluntary, informal, nonbinding process undertaken by an external party
    C) A judicial court proceeding
    D) A military intervention process

12. Negotiation involves establishment of communication as dictated through ___
    A) Court orders and legal proceedings
    B) Military force and sanctions
    C) Previously agreed procedures between representatives of parties
    D) UN Security Council resolutions

13. Conciliation is described as ___
    A) The most complex dispute resolution mechanism
    B) The simplest kind of proceeding ever devised
    C) A binding legal process
    D) A military peacekeeping operation

14. Article 33(1) of the UN Charter states that arbitration is one of the means by which ___
    A) Wars are declared between nations
    B) The organization recommends that parties settle their disputes
    C) Peacekeeping forces are deployed
    D) Sanctions are imposed on warring parties

15. Peacemaking is described in Chapter ___ of the UN Charter
    A) IV
    B) V
    C) VI
    D) VII

16. Peace enforcement missions operate under Chapter ___ of the UN Charter
    A) V
    B) VI
    C) VII
    D) VIII

17. UN peacekeepers are often referred to as ___
    A) Green Berets
    B) Red Helmets
    C) Blue Berets or Blue Helmets
    D) White Helmets

18. Which of the following is an example of a Peace Enforcement Mission?
    A) UNAVEM II in Angola
    B) MINURSO in Western Sahara
    C) ECOMOG and UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone 1999
    D) UNTAG in Namibia

19. Peacebuilding is described by Rapoport (1992) as ___
    A) A short-term military solution
    B) A multidisciplinary cross-sector technique to sustain relationships among people locally and globally
    C) A ceasefire agreement between warring parties
    D) A UN Security Council resolution

20. According to Coning (2013), peacebuilding is most effective and durable when ___
    A) It relies on foreign military intervention
    B) It is imposed by the United Nations
    C) It relies upon local conceptions of peace and underlying dynamics that foster conflict
    D) It is funded by international organizations

CHAPTER 3: Nature & Types of Social Conflict

1. The concept of social conflict is defined by Rummel (1976) as ___
   A) A struggle for economic resources
   B) A confrontation of powers
   C) A clash between ethnic groups
   D) A disagreement between nations

2. The term “conflict” is derived from the Latin word “configere” which means ___
   A) To make peace
   B) To negotiate
   C) To strike together, clash or engage in a fight
   D) To compromise

3. Which approach to conflict suggests that conflict emanates from real differences in goals and social structure?
   A) Subjectivist approach
   B) Transformative approach
   C) Objectivist approach
   D) Constructivist approach

4. The Subjectivist approach to conflict was described by Stagner (1967) as ___
   A) A clash between social classes
   B) A situation where two or more human beings desire goals perceived as obtainable by one but not both
   C) A confrontation of powers between groups
   D) A struggle over scarce resources

5. Which type of conflict occurs within an individual such as a bad conscience?
   A) Interpersonal conflict
   B) Intragroup conflict
   C) Intrapersonal conflict
   D) Intergroup conflict

6. Task conflict is associated with which of the following benefits?
   A) Increased hostility between group members
   B) Reduced group decision quality
   C) Greater cognitive understanding and better decision making
   D) Increased affective tension

7. Affective conflict is described as ___
   A) A positive tension that promotes good group work
   B) An emotional conflict producing suspicion, distrust and hostility
   C) A disagreement over group tasks and methods
   D) A conflict over content and ideas

8. Cognitive conflict occurs during tasks and comes from ___
   A) Emotional incompatibilities between group members
   B) A difference in perspective and judgement
   C) Competition over scarce resources
   D) Ethnic and cultural differences

9. Which of the following is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash?
   A) Role conflict
   B) Organizational conflict
   C) Cultural conflict
   D) Social conflict

10. Intellectual conflict is a subclass of ___
    A) Ethnic conflict
    B) Cultural conflict
    C) Social conflict
    D) Organizational conflict

11. Ethnic conflict arises among groups that compete for the same goal, especially about ___
    A) Religious doctrines and practices
    B) Political power, access to resources or territory
    C) Family inheritance and property
    D) Educational opportunities and scholarships

12. Conflict escalation refers to the tendency of conflicts to ___
    A) Resolve themselves peacefully over time
    B) Remain static and unchanged
    C) Escalate or become more intense and hostile
    D) Transform into positive outcomes

13. According to Deutsch (1973), through the norm of reciprocity ___
    A) Cooperation breeds cooperation only
    B) Competition breeds competition
    C) Conflict always leads to peace
    D) Negotiation replaces confrontation

14. The Nigeria-Cameroon conflict over the Bakassi Peninsula is an example of ___
    A) Religious conflict
    B) Intragroup conflict
    C) Territorial conflict
    D) Economic conflict

15. Which of the following is NOT cited as a cause of ethnic conflict in Nigeria?
    A) Economic factors
    B) Political factors
    C) Environmental factors
    D) Structural factors

16. The Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria began in ___
    A) 2005
    B) 2007
    C) 2009
    D) 2011

17. The Kaduna Sharia riot of 2000 took its root from ___
    A) Electoral disputes
    B) Economic inequality
    C) Anti-Sharia agitation
    D) Land disputes

18. Which of the following correctly describes Role conflict?
    A) Conflict between two or more ethnic groups
    B) Conflict caused by opposition of needs between people working together
    C) Incompatible demands placed upon a person in a manner that makes accomplishing both troublesome
    D) Conflict between social classes over supremacy

19. Geopolitical conflict can be broken down into which three main strands?
    A) Economic, social, and cultural motives
    B) Political ambitions, economic motives, and ideological differences
    C) Religious, ethnic, and territorial motives
    D) Historical, political, and environmental motives

20. Which of the following scholars stated that ethnic conflict is difficult when states are believed to have taken sides or serving the interests of the powerful group?
    A) Huntington (1993)
    B) Rummel (1976)
    C) Egwu (2004)
    D) Nnoli (1995)

CHAPTER 4: Theories of Social Conflict

1. The structural theory of social conflict gained prominence through the works of ___
   A) Darwin and Marinoff
   B) Maslow and Burton
   C) Karl Marx and his colleagues
   D) Dollard and Berkowitz

2. According to the Marxist theory, the two main social classes are ___
   A) The rich and the middle class
   B) The bourgeoisie and the proletariat
   C) The government and the citizens
   D) The military and the civilians

3. The Realist theory derives its name from the word ___
   A) “Real politics” or “power politics”
   B) “Reality check”
   C) “Real conflict”
   D) “Realistic approach”

4. According to Morgenthau (1964), the pursuit of interest through force is ___
   A) A violation of international law
   B) A central guiding principle of the international system
   C) A temporary measure in conflict
   D) An unacceptable form of statecraft

5. The Biological theory of conflict posits that conflict is ___
   A) Caused by economic inequality
   B) A result of government policies
   C) An innate instinctual human behaviour rooted in genetics and physiology
   D) Triggered by social structures

6. Charles Darwin’s work The Origin of Species suggests that conflict most often stems from ___
   A) Political and ideological differences
   B) Competition for essential resources and access to mates for reproduction
   C) Religious and cultural differences
   D) Economic inequality and poverty

7. The Physiological theory argues that humans experience ___ types of internal psychological conflicts
   A) Two
   B) Three
   C) Four
   D) Five

8. Which of the following is NOT one of the four psychological conflicts identified by the Physiological theory?
   A) Approach-approach
   B) Avoidance-avoidance
   C) Approach-avoidance
   D) Aggression-avoidance

9. According to the Economic theory, the two keywords developed by Collier and Hoeffler (2004) are ___
   A) Power and Authority
   B) Greed and Grievance
   C) Scarcity and Abundance
   D) Justice and Injustice

10. The Greed and Grievance theory was applied to explain which Nigerian conflict?
    A) Boko Haram insurgency
    B) Kaduna religious crisis
    C) Nigeria-Biafra Civil War (1967–1970) and Niger Delta conflict
    D) Jos crisis

11. The Psycho-cultural conflict theory argues that conflicts caused by identity are ___
    A) Easy to resolve through negotiation
    B) Usually dangerous, violent, intractable and highly protracted
    C) Short-lived and temporary
    D) Mainly economic in nature

12. According to Madueke (2025), ethnic identity ___
    A) Is a natural and permanent feature of human societies
    B) Does not matter or has not been shown to matter in most conflicts
    C) Is the primary cause of all conflicts in Africa
    D) Is easily resolved through dialogue

13. Abraham Maslow originally proposed his hierarchy of needs in his work titled ___
    A) Conflict and Human Motivation
    B) A Theory of Human Motivation
    C) The Nature of Human Needs
    D) Peace and Human Development

14. Which level of Maslow’s hierarchy involves protection from elements, security, order, law and stability?
    A) Physiological needs
    B) Esteem needs
    C) Safety needs
    D) Love/Belonging needs

15. Maslow later expanded his original five-stage hierarchy to ___ stages
    A) Six
    B) Seven
    C) Eight
    D) Nine

16. System theory was pioneered from a biological perspective in the 1920s by ___
    A) Karl Marx
    B) Abraham Maslow
    C) Ludwig von Bertalanffy
    D) John Burton

17. According to System theory, the core idea is that ___
    A) Conflict is inevitable in all social systems
    B) The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
    C) Economic factors determine all social conflicts
    D) Power determines the outcome of all conflicts

18. The Frustration-Aggression theory was propounded by ___
    A) Maslow and Burton (1943)
    B) Dollard et al. (1939)
    C) Berkowitz (1965)
    D) Darwin and Marinoff (2014)

19. According to Berkowitz (1965 and 1971), aggression is ___
    A) Always directly caused by frustration alone
    B) Not solely contingent on frustration but also mediated by emotional states and readiness
    C) Only triggered by economic deprivation
    D) A natural biological instinct unrelated to frustration

20. Which theory best explains the activities of militant groups in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region demanding fair share of oil resources?
    A) Biological theory
    B) System theory
    C) Psycho-cultural theory
    D) Frustration-Aggression theory