1. Peace and Conflict Studies emerged as a multidisciplinary field in the early ___
    A) 1920s–1930s
    B) 1940s–1960s
    C) 1960s–1970s
    D) 1980s–1990s

  2. The first formal peace studies course in higher education was offered at ___
    A) Harvard University
    B) Indiana University
    C) Swarthmore College
    D) Aberystwyth University

  3. Who offered the first formal peace studies course?
    A) Johan Galtung
    B) William Penn Holcomb
    C) Gladdys Muir
    D) Quincy Wright

  4. The first undergraduate academic program in peace studies was developed by ___
    A) Johan Galtung
    B) John Burton
    C) Gladdys Muir
    D) Adam Curle

  5. The Peace of Westphalia was signed in ___
    A) 1619
    B) 1638
    C) 1648
    D) 1658

  6. Which of the following was NOT one of the treaties signed at the Peace of Westphalia?
    A) Treaty of Münster
    B) Treaty of Osnabrück
    C) Treaty of Versailles
    D) Both A and B were signed

  7. Johan Galtung founded which peace research institution?
    A) UN Peace Institute
    B) Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO)
    C) Stockholm Peace Institute
    D) Geneva Peace Foundation

  8. Which scholar introduced the concept of “structural violence”?
    A) John Burton
    B) Kenneth Boulding
    C) Johan Galtung
    D) Adam Curle

  9. Lewis Fry Richardson is known for his ___
    A) Human Needs Theory
    B) Mathematical and statistical study of war
    C) Track Two Diplomacy
    D) Feminist peace research

  10. Quincy Wright’s seminal work A Study of War was published in ___
    A) 1939
    B) 1940
    C) 1942
    D) 1945

  11. The concept of the “third side” in conflict resolution was introduced by ___
    A) Kenneth Boulding
    B) Adam Curle
    C) John Burton
    D) Lewis Fry Richardson

  12. Which school of thought argues that conflict is inevitable due to the anarchic nature of the international system?
    A) Liberal School
    B) Critical School
    C) Constructivist School
    D) Realist School

  13. The Liberal School of thought in peace and conflict studies is associated with ___
    A) Morgenthau (1948)
    B) Doyle (1986)
    C) Galtung (1969)
    D) Wendt (1992)

  14. The Constructivist School emphasizes the role of ___ in shaping conflicts
    A) Power and military force
    B) Economic inequality
    C) Ideas, identities, and discourses
    D) State sovereignty

  15. Which of the following correctly represents the evolutionary stages of Peace and Conflict Studies in order?
    A) Realpolitik, Traditional, Early Modern, Late Modern
    B) Traditional, Realpolitik, Early Modern, Late Modern
    C) Early Modern, Traditional, Realpolitik, Late Modern
    D) Late Modern, Early Modern, Traditional, Realpolitik

  16. The first chair in International Relations was founded at ___ in 1919
    A) Harvard University
    B) Oxford University
    C) Aberystwyth University Wales
    D) Cambridge University

  17. John Burton is celebrated for developing ___
    A) Stable peace concept
    B) Human Needs Theory
    C) Structural violence
    D) Peace economics

  18. Which founding father of PCS is known for pioneering feminist peace research?
    A) Adam Curle
    B) Elise Boulding
    C) Kenneth Boulding
    D) Lewis Fry Richardson

  19. The Nigerian Civil War took place between ___
    A) 1965–1968
    B) 1966–1969
    C) 1967–1970
    D) 1968–1971

  20. Which of the following factors facilitated the emergence of Peace and Conflict Studies as a discipline?
    A) Historical context of World Wars
    B) Humanitarian concerns and human rights movements
    C) Academic and intellectual developments
    D) All of the above